Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Other Particles


All about Japanese Particles

The function of Japanese particles

Japanese particles are small words that indicate relations of words within a sentence. They follow other words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives are parts of a sentence. Some but not all can be compared to prepositions in English. The Japanese language uses a total of 188 particles.

List of 188 Japanese particles

         No                   
Particle                                                                      
Meaning / usage       
1
Indicantes the topic of a sentence
2
At the end of a sentence indicating a question
3
Indicates the subject of a sentence
4
Indicates a location
5
Indicates possession
6
(wa)
Indicates a contrast between 2 items
7
(ni)
Indicates time or frequency
8
Indicates direction
9
 (wo/o)
Indicates the direct object of a verb
10
(to)
Used to connect and list up multiple items
11
(ya)
Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
12
など (nado)
Used with (ya) to partially list up multiple items
13
means “too”, “either”, “also”
14
(mo)
both…and…, neither…nor…
15
(ni)
Indicates the indirect object of a verb
16
(ni)
Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
17
Indicates the location of an action
18
(to)
Together with
19
(no)
Indicates an apposition
20
Indicates a starting point in time or place
21
Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
22
Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
23
くらい (kurai)
Indicates an approximate amount
24
ほど (hodo)
Indicates an approximate amount
25
ばかり(bakari)
Indicates an approximate amount
26
(de)
Indicates a means or material
27
(ka)
Indicates a choice or alternative
28
(wo/o)
Indicates a point of departure
29
(wo/o)
Indicates a route of a movement/motion
30
(ni)
Indicates a point of arrival
31
(ni)
Indicates an entering motion
32
(ni)
Used together with a verb to express a purpose
33
(to)
Used when quoting someone
34
いう (to iu)
Indicates the name of something
35
とか (toka)
“something like”
36
(de)
Indicates a limit or scope
37
(to)
Indicates a comparison
38
より (yori)
Indicates a comparison
39
より (yori)
Indicates superlative
40
くらい (kurai)
Indicates a comparison
41
ほど (hodo)
Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
42
(ka)
someone, something
43
(mo)
“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
44
(ni)
Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
45
をする (wo/o suru)
Expresses an occupation or position
46
でも (demo)
Indicates emphasis
47
でも (demo)
Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
48
(de)
Indicates a cause or a reason
49
から (kara)
Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
50
(ni)
Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
51
(wa) + (ga)
Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
52
(ga)
Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”
53
(wo/o)
Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
54
(de)
Indicates a state / condition of something
55
(de)
Limits numbers
56
だけ (dake)
Indicates a limit on things or amounts
57
だけ (dake)
Indicates a limit on an action or state
58
(de)
Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
59
でも (demo)
Following a noun, means “or something like this”
60
(mo)
Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
61
でも (demo)
Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
62
ばかり (bakari)
Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
63
ばかり (bakari)
Indicates an action was just completed
64
ところ (tokoro)
Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
65
(ga)
Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
66
から (kara)
conjunction meaning “after” or “since”
67
ながら (nagara)
Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
68
(ga)
Indicates the subject of a relative clause
69
(no)
Indicates the subject of a relative clause
70
から (kara)
Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
71
ので (node)
Indicates a strong reason
72
(no)
Indicates a modified pronoun
73
(no)
Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
74
なら (nara)
Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
75
なら (nara)
Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
76
(to)
Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
77
(ba)
Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
78
ばいい (ba)
“all you have to do…”
79
(ba)
Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
80
たら (tara)
Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
81
たら (tara)
Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
82
ところ (tokoro)
Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
83
ても (temo)
a conjunction meaning “even if”
84
ても (temo)
Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
85
ても (temo)
Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
86
ては (tewa)
Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
87
のみ (nomi)
Indicates a limit (similar to だけ dake)
88
まで (made)
“even”, used to emphasize
89
さえ (sae)
“even”, used to emphasize
90
さえ (sae)
“if only” or “as long as”
91
のに (noni)
“although”, “in spite of the fact that”
92
ながら (nagara)
“although”, “though”, “but”
93
とか (toka)
Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
94
たり (tari)
List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
95
たり (tari)
Indicates actions or states that alternate
96
のに (noni)
Indicates a purpose or function
97
のです (no desu)
Asks for an explanation or reason
98
きり (kiri)
Indicates a limit to an amount
99
きり (kiri)
Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
100
とも (tomo)
Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
101
ながら (nagara)
Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
102
しか (shika)
Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
103
しかない (shika nai)
used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
104
(shi)
Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
105
(shi)
Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
106
とも (tomo)
Indicates inclusion
107
(ni)
Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
108
(ka)
Indicates uncertainty about something
109
(ka)
Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
110
だの (dano)
 Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
111
だの (dano)
Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
112
など (nado)
“something to the effect”
113
やら (yara)
Indicates two or more items of a longer list
114
やら (yara)
Indicates uncertainty
115
ても (temo)
Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
116
とも (tomo)
Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
117
(wa)
Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
118
(to)
Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
119
など (nado)
Indicates examples
120
くらい (kurai)
Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
121
ほど (hodo)
Indicates the extend of an action or condition
122
 ほど (hodo)
“the more… the more…”
123
だけ (dake)
“as… as…”
124
だけ (dake)
“the more… the more…”
125
(to)
“about to do something”, “trying to do something”
126
(to)
“even if…”, “whether… or not”
127
なり (nari)
“either…”, “whether…or”
128
なり (nari)
“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”
129
こそ (koso)
Emphasizes the word preceding it
130
こそ (koso)
Emphasizes a reason or a cause
131
ては (tewa)
Expresses repetition of an action
132
(ni)
Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
133
(ni)
Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
134
にしては (ni shite wa)
Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
135
にとって (ni totte)
Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
136
について (ni tsuite)
“about”, “concerning” something or someone
137
ともとも (tomo tomo)
“can’t say whether… or…”
138
(ga)
“even if”, “whether… or not”
139
(wa)
Emphasizes contrasting elements
140
として (toshite)
Indicates status, capacity or function
141
として (toshite)
Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
142
ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)
“not only… but also”
143
だけ (dake)
 used to express “not only…but also”
144
のみ (nomi)
used to express “not only…but also”
145
なり (nari)
“as soon as”
146
がはやいか (ga hayai ka)
“as soon as”
147
やいなや (ya ina ya)
“as soon as”
148
かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)
“no sooner had”, “hardly had”
149
ばかり (bakari)
Indicates the only action left to do
150
ばかりに (bakari ni)
Emphasizes a reason or cause
151
すら (sura)
Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”
152
など (nado)
Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
153
とも (tomo)
“no matter what”, “even if”
154
ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)
To express that someone did something not to be expected
155
どころか (dokoro ka)
“far from”, “not to mention”
156
だけに (dake ni)
Indicates a cause or reason
157
までもない (made mo nai)
“there is no need to…”
158
ものの (mono no)
“but” or “although”
159
ところで (tokoro de)
“even if”
160
けれども (keredomo)
Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”
161
けれども (keredomo)
Indicates a preliminary remark
162
(ga)
Used to soften a statement or refusal
163
けれども (keredomo)
Indicates a desire
164
(ne)
At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
165
(ne)
At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
166
(ne)
At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
167
ねえ (nee)
At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
168
(yo)
At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
169
(yo)
At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
170
かしら (kashira)
At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
171
かな (kana)
At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
172
(na)
At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
173
(na)
At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
174
なあ (naa)
At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
175
なあ (naa)
At the end of a sentence to express a desire
176
(no)
At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
177
(wa)
At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
178
(sa)
At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
179
こと (koto)
At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
180
こと (koto)
At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
181
もの (mono)
At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
182
とも (tomo)
At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
183
ものか (monoka)
At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
184
(ya)
At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
185
たら (tara)
At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
186
やら (yara)
At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
187
(ze)
At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
188
(zo)
At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself